Rates of HIV and HSV-2 among young people in Machinga, Malawi

To better understand the epidemiological context for the DREAMS programming, Project SOAR analyzed previously collected quantitative cohort data from the Population Council’s Malawi Schooling and Adolescent Study (MSAS) to identify the prevalence and incidence of HIV and the herpes simplex virus, commonly referred to as genital herpes. SOAR’s analysis provides a deeper understanding of the changing epidemiological and gendered context of the HIV epidemic in Machinga. The youth cohort data from the MSAS provide accurate estimates of HIV prevalence over time and HIV incidence, thereby filling important data gaps

Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (AGEP): Evaluation—Round 4 update

To assess the impact of the Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (AGEP) on mediating and longer-term demographic, reproductive, and health outcomes, Population Council researchers designed and implemented a longitudinal, cluster randomized controlled trial across all program areas. A baseline survey was conducted in 2013 prior to program implementation and data have been collected annually. A third round of data collection in 2015 produced the midline findings, measuring the program effect immediately at the end of AGEP. Details of the midterm results were published in a full technical report, executive summary, and brief. The focus of this brief is to provide an update using the fourth round of data collection, representing the experiences and outcomes of adolescent girls one year after the program ended

Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (AGEP): Financial literacy and savings—Two-year follow-up

Through the Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (AGEP), the Population Council and partners implemented a social, health, and economic asset-building program in Zambia for over 11,000 vulnerable adolescent girls aged 10–19 years. The AGEP intervention was comprised of three major components: 1) weekly safe spaces groups in which girls met once a week for two years for training on sexual and reproductive health, life skills, and financial education; 2) a health voucher that girls could use at contracted private and public facilities for general wellness and sexual and reproductive health services; and 3) a savings account that was designed by the National Savings and Credit Bank of Zambia (Natsave) specifically to be girl-friendly. This brief presents results from the program, which indicate that AGEP set participants on the path of long-term regular savings behavior. In addition, savings accounts remained a motivation for savings behavior—whether formal or informal—even two years after the financial-literacy and regular group meetings ended

The effects of school violence on education in Malawi

In response to a global policy effort to increase school enrollment, in 1994 Malawi became one of the first low-income countries to eliminate primary school fees. Since then, Malawi has achieved nearly universal primary enrollment, however enrolling young Malawians in school has not translated into keeping them in school. This policy brief describes the nature and consequences of school violence in rural Malawi—a common experience for both girls and boys. There is little evidence that school violence disrupts schooling as expected, with the exception of sexual violence experienced at school by boys. Violence at home is also common, and may disrupt schooling for both girls and boys. These findings emphasize the need for an integrated view of gender, education, and violence in order to implement effective programs and policies to curb school-related gender-based violence and improve education outcomes for young people in Malawi and around the world

Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (AGEP): Sexual and gender-based violence

Acceptability and experience of sexual and gender-based violence is alarmingly high among adolescent girls in Zambia. Even more striking is the very young age from which notions of violence are ingrained and experience with violence begins. This brief summarizes the Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (AGEP) evaluation which demonstrated that in the Zambian context, a program focused on changing norms among girls themselves is not enough to impact attitudes toward and experience of violence. Social and cultural norms are shaped by households, schools, communities, and all of the adults that girls interact with in these places—even the mentors of their own safe space groups. Therefore, it is likely that to change indicators on violence, work to change norms and underlying driving factors of violence needs to take place at the household and community levels, in addition to working with girls in groups to understand what violence is, why it is harmful, and why it is okay for them to aspire to a violence-free life in their school, household, and community

Harnessing data to end child marriage: Summarizing learnings to-date

This brief summarizes key findings from five papers that examine child marriage and interventions to address it. While the findings from each of the papers are briefly noted, the brief focuses on the importance of context in understanding the drivers and impact on child marriage. Based on key findings, the brief offers cross-cutting recommendations for research and programs

Adolescent Girls Empowerment Programme: Endline technical report

The theory of change behind the Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (AGEP) posited that adolescent girls are empowered by building social, health, and economic assets that they can then draw on to reduce vulnerabilities and expand opportunities. In the long term, they will then increase their likelihood of completing school, delaying sexual debut, and reducing risks of early marriages, unintended pregnancies, acquisition of HIV, and other possibly detrimental outcomes. This endline report indicates that, while there were some changes for the program participants in the medium and long term, they did not translate into longer-term effects on reproductive and demographic outcomes as hypothesized via the theory of change. However, interpretation of these results is constrained by two important factors: 1) a large proportion of the girls invited to the program did not participate, and 2) among those who did participate, only a subsegment of them participated actively in the safe-spaces sessions. The AGEP evaluation is an important contribution to the understanding of adolescent transitions and interventions in Zambia which should contribute to the improvement of current programs, as well as development of new programs and funding strategies

Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (AGEP): Health

The Adolescent Girls Empowerment Program (AGEP) intervention was conducted over two years to support more than 11,000 vulnerable adolescent girls in Zambia. It was led by the Population Council in partnership with the Young Women’s Christian Association of Zambia (YWCA), the National Savings and Credit Bank of Zambia (Natsave), and the Government of Zambia. To assess the impact of AGEP on mediating and longer-term demographic, reproductive, and health outcomes, Population Council researchers designed and implemented a longitudinal, cluster randomized controlled trial across all program areas. This brief presents the final AGEP findings, highlighting, in the Zambian context, what can be changed for girls through a girl-level intervention that focuses on building social, health, and economic assets. The program was successfully able to improve sexual and reproductive health knowledge and self-efficacy, however, additional interventions are needed to: 1) address social and cultural norms on girls’ education, rights, and values at the household, school, and community levels; and 2) address the underlying economic constraints that might prevent girls from participating and/or fully benefiting from the program

Adolescent Girls Empowerment Programme: Research and evaluation mid-term technical report—Executive Summary

The Adolescent Girls Empowerment Programme (AGEP) was an ambitious project directed toward changing girls’ lives in a significant and meaningful way across areas of education, sexual and reproductive health, marriage and fertility, and experience of violence. This Executive Summary of the project’s findings shows that, overall, the AGEP cohort data, and lessons they have generated from the AGEP are rich, nuanced, and important for informing the next generation of programs for adolescents in Zambia and elsewhere. Even though the study is still under way, and the full longer-term effects of AGEP remain to be seen, the information presented in this report can be used to guide programs and policymakers on program areas of promise, gaps that need to be filled, and a range of questions about how to best serve this population that still need to be answered

What determines adult cognitive skills?: Impacts of preschooling, schooling, and post-schooling experiences in Guatemala

"Most investigations into the importance and determinants of adult cognitive skills assume that (1) they are produced primarily by schooling, and (2) schooling is statistically predetermined or exogenous. This study uses longitudinal data collected in Guatemala over 35 years to investigate production functions for adult cognitive skills—that is, reading-comprehension skills and nonverbal cognitive skills—as being dependent on behaviorally determined preschooling, schooling, and post-schooling experiences. We use an indicator of whether the child was stunted (child height-for-age Z-scoreHuman capital, cognitive skills, Stunting, work experience, Development, Education, Gender, Health and nutrition,